The Mysterious Matter of Mind by Arthur C. Custance
1. Karl R. Popper and John C. Eccles, The Self and Its Brain (New York: Springer-Verlag, 1977), p. viii.
2. Wilder Penfield, in the "Control of the Mind" Symposium, held at the University of California Medical Center, San Francisco, 1961, quoted in Arthur Koestler, Ghost in the Machine (London: Hutchinson Publishing Group, 1967), pp. 203-4.
3. Chuang Chou, quoted in Edward H. Schafer, Ancient China, in the Time-Life series Great Ages of Man (New York: Time-Life Books, 1967), p. 62.
4. Paul Weiss, in discussion of J. R. Smythies's paper "Some Aspects of Consciousness," in Beyond Reductionism, ed. Arthur Koestler and J. R. Smythies (London: Hutchinson Publishing Group, 1969), p. 252.
5. Lord Adrian, guest editorial, "The brain as physics," Science Journal, vol. 3, no. 5 (May 1967), p.3.
6. Claude Bernard, quoted in Seymour S. Kety, "A Biologist Examines the Mind and Behavior," Science 132 (1960):1863.
7. Thomas Huxley, "On the Physical Basis of Life," Lay Sermons (n.p., 1870), p. 152.
8. Thomas Huxley, "Mr. Darwin's Critics," Contemporary Review (November 1871), p. 464.
9. Huxley, "Descartes," Lay Sermons, p. 371.
10. Arthur O. Lovejoy. The Great Chain of Being (New York: Harper and Row, 1960).
11. See Chauncey D. Leake, "Perspectives in Adaptation: Historical Background" in Handbook of Physiology. See, 4 (Washington. D. C.: American Physiological Society. 1964), pp. 5-6.
12. J. R. Smythies, "Some Aspects of Consciousness," in Beyond Reductionism, eds. Arthur Koestler and J. R. Smythies (London: Hutchinson Publishing Group, 1969). p. 235.
13. W. H. Thorpe, Animal Nature and Human Nature (London: Methuen, 1974). p. 310, 97, 98.
14. David Bidney, Theoretical Anthropology, (New York: Columbia University Press, 1953), p. 3.
15. Stanley Cobb, quoted in A. I. Hallowell, "Self, Society, and Culture in Phylogenetic Perspective," in Evolution After Darwin, ed. Sot Tax, vol. 2 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1960), p. 348.
16. Cyril Ponnamperuma, "Chemical Evolution and the Origin of Life," Nature 201(1964): 337.
17. D. F. Lawden, in Letters to the Editor under Biology, Nature 202 (1964): 412.
18. H. S. Jennings, Behavior of the Lower Organisms, Columbia University Biological Series 10 (New York: Columbia University Press, 19 IS), p. 334.
19. Ibid., p. 335.
20. Ibid., p. 336.
21. J. Boyd Best, "Protopsychology," Scientific American (February 1963), p. 62.
22. Lovejoy, Chain of Being, p. 276.
23. J. B. R. Robinet, De La Nature 4 (Paris, 1776): 11-12.
24. Sir Julian Huxley, "Genetics, Evolution and Human Destiny," in Genetics in the Twentieth Century, ed . L. C. Dunn (New York: Macmillan, 1951), pp. 604-5.
25. Theodosius Dohzhansky, in "Book Reviews," Science 175 (7 January 1972): 49.
26. E. W. Sinnott, Cell and Psyche: The Biology of Purpose (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1950), pp. 48-50.
27. Dobzhansky. in "Book Review's," p. 49.
28. Theodosius Dobzhansky, "Man Consorting with Things Eternal," in Science Ponders Religion, ed. H. Shapley (New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts 1960), pp. 120-21.
29. C. H. Waddington, Book Reviews, Discovery (1960), p. 453.
30. Sir Charles Sherrington, Man on His Nature (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press., 1963), p. 251.
31. Ibid., p. 65.
32. Edward McCrady, Religious Perspectives of College Teaching in Biology (New Haven, Conn.: Edward W. Hajen Foundation, 1950), pp. 19-20.
33. Sir Alister Hardy, The Living Stream (London: Collins 1965), p. 257.
34. Lewis Thomas, The Lives of a Cell (New York: Viking. 99 1974), p. 13.
35. Ashley Montagu, On Being Human (New York: Henry Schuman, 1951), p. 34.
36. Nicholas Seeds and Albert E. Vetter, Proceedings of the National Academy of Science 68, p. 3219; L. W. Lapham and W. R. Markesbury, "Human Fetal Cerebellar Cortex: Organization and Maturation of Cells in Vitro," Science 173 (27 August 1971): 829-32.
37. Isaac Harary, "Heart Cells in Vitro," Scientific American (May 1962), pp. 141-52.
38. Paul Weiss and A. C. Taylor, "Reconstruction of Complex Organs from Single Cell Suspensions of Chick Embryos in Advanced Stages of Differentiation," Proceedings of the National Academy of Science 46 (September 1960): 177-85.
39. Graham Chedd, "Cellular Samaritans," New Scientist, (31 October 1968), p. 256.
40. Popper and Eccles, The Self, p. 69.
41. This is reprinted in Penfield's Second Career (Toronto: Little, Brown, 1963), pp. 66-75.
42. Joseph Needham, quoted in Theodore H. Savory, Mechanistic Biology and Animal Behaviour (London: Watts, 1936), title page.
43. Ibid., p. 170.
44. Max Planck, Scientific Autobiography and Other Papers (New York: Greenwood, 1968), pp. 33-34.
45. Sir Charles Sherrington, quoted in Wilder Penfield. "Engrams in the Human Brain: Mechanisms of Memory," Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine (August 1968), reprinted by Montreal Neurological Institute as Reprint No. 934. p. 3.
46. Sherrington. Man on His Nature, p. 210.
47. Claude Bernard, An Introduction to the Study of Experimental Medicine, trans. H. C. Greene (New York: Henry Schuman. 1949), p. 69.
48. Popper and Eccles, The Self, p. 558.
49. Penfield, The Mystery of the Mind (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1975), p. xiii.
50. Wilder Penfield, The Physical Basis of Mind, ed. P. Laslett (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1950), p. 64.
51. Penfield, The Mystery, pp. 4-5.
52. Ibid., p. 12.
53. Ibid., p. 55.
54. Ibid., p. 108.
55. Ibid., p. 40.
56. Ibid., p. 45.
57. Ibid., p. 47.
58. Ibid., pp. 39-40, 58-59.
59. Ibid., p. 61.
60. Wilder Penfield and Phanor Perot, "The Brain's Record of Auditory and Visual Experience: A Final Summary and Discussion," Brain, vol. 86, part 4 (December 1963), p. 685.
61. Ibid., p. 682.
62. Wilder Penfield, "Epilepsy; Neurophysiology and Some Brain Mechanisms Related to Consciousness," in Basic Mechanisms in Epilepsies, eds. Jasper, Ward, and Pope (Toronto: Little, Brown, 1969), p. 796.
63. Penfield and Perot, "The Brain's Record," p. 679.
64. Ibid., pp. 645-46.
65. Ibid., p. 643.
66. Ibid., pp. 648-49.
67. Penfield, The Mystery, p. 80.
68. Ibid., p. 78.
69. Ibid., pp. 77-78.
70. Ibid., pp. 79-80.
71. Ibid., p. 86.
72. Ibid., p. 87.
73. Ibid., p. 113.
74. H. H. Kornhuber, "Cerebral Cortex, Cerebellum, and Basal Ganglia: An Introduction to Their Motor Functions," in The Neurosciences, Third Study Program, eds. F. O. Schmitt and F. G. Worden (Cambridge, Mass.: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1973), pp. 267-80.
75. Popper and Eccles, The Self, p. 283.
76. Ibid., p. 285.
77. Ibid., p. 283.
78. Ibid., p. 294.
79. Ibid., p. 283. An avenue of light on the relationship between thought and action that Eccles does not mention might be the finding, known for some years, that unspoken thought is nevertheless accompanied by small detectable movements of the vocal chords. When the congenitally deaf think (those who use sign language), these same potential movements can be demonstrated in the finger muscles rather than in the vocal chords. In reviewing A. N. Sololov's Inner Speech and Thought (Moscow, 1968), Katherine S. Harris observes that electromyographic indicators of this sort may simply represent some kind of "overflow phenomenon." This would seem to be further evidence of interactionism--the flow of thought initiating vocal expression involving muscular activity that is not only unwanted but as far as possible suppressed. See J. C. Nunnally and R. L. Flaugher, "Psychological Implications of Word Usage," Science 140 1963: 775. For Harris, see Science 176 (1972), "Book Reviews" under "Silent Articulation."
80. Popper and Eccles, The Self, p. 294.
81. Ibid., p. 471.
82. Ibid., p. 560.
83. Ibid., p. 474.
84. Ibid., p. 477.
85. Ibid., p. 488.
86. Ibid., p. 494.
87. Ibid., pp. 495-96.
88. Popper and Eccles, The Self, p. 589
89. Ibid. pp. 559-560.
90. Ibid., p. 516.
91. Ibid., p. 543.
92. Erwin Schrodinger, What Is Life? and Mind and Matter (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1967). pp. 131-32.
93. Popper and Eccles, The Self, pp. 552-53.
94. John C. Eccles, Facing Reality (New York: Springer-Verlag, 1970), p. 83.
95. Ibid., chapter 5.
96. Popper and Eccles, The Self, p. 558.
97. Ibid., pp. 559-60.
98. Viktor Frankl, in discussion of J. R. Smythies's paper, "Some Aspects of Consciousness" in Beyond Reductionism, ed. Arthur Koestler and J. R. Smythies (London: Hutchinson Publishing Group 1969), p. 254.
99. Penfield, The Mystery, p. 88.
100. Ibid., p. 89.
101. Abraham Kuyper, quoted in G. C. Berkouwer, Man: The Image of God (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1963), p. 290.
102. Roger W. Sperry, "Mind, Brain, and Humanist Values," Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists (September 1966), pp. 2-3.
For Further Reading:
Eccles, Sir John C. Facing Reality. Springer Verlag International, 1970. This is subtitled "Philosophical Adventures of a Brain Scientist," and it would be difficult to describe the volume more aptly. It is at times a rather technical study that requires some dedication, but it is relieved throughout by what must surely strike the reader as both brilliant and refreshing excursions into some of the more philosophical aspects of mind/brain interaction.
Koestler, Arthur and Smythies, J. R.. eds. Beyond Reductionism. London, Hutchinson, 1967; New York, Macmillan, 1970. A record of the Alpbach Symposium held in Switzerland in 1968 under Koestler's initiative. The rostrum of participants reads like a "who's who" of those in the scientific community who are concerned with the problem of the origin and nature of consciousness in man and his attendant aspirations. The entirely free exchanges which followed the reading of each paper are included, making the volume a reservoir of fresh, stimulating, and sometimes surprising ideas.
Koestler, Arthur. The Ghost in the Machine. London, Hutchinson, 1967; New York, Macmillan, 1968. A stimulating volume by one who has established an international reputation as a highly informed layman who approaches the evidence for reductionism and finds it unsatisfactory. He demonstrates that the reductionist position is insufficient to account for the evidence in history of some serious flaw, some built-in deficiency, in the working of the human mind resulting from the explosive growth of the human brain. The book is a fresh approach to an old problem: the inability of man to diagnose his own nature correctly and order himself and society successfully.
Luria, A. R. The Man With a Shattered World. New The York, Basic, 1972. A book that is in a more popular style and may disappoint at times, but which does give a valuable insight into the world of a man who, as the result of a head wound, has virtually no short-term memory. So short is his memory span that even the beginning of a sentence may be forgotten before the end of it is reached. The record shows dramatically how important it is (and why) to have both a short- term and a long-term memory operating normally.
Penfleld, Wilder. The Mystery of the Mind. Princeton: Princeton University Press; also, Toronto: Little, Brown & Co., 1975. This is an overview of Penfield's research while treating epileptic patients in the Neurological institute in Montreal. It is subtitled "A Critical Study of Consciousness and the Human Brain." Though the subject is often technical, Penfield's effective style, which is both pleasant and informative, easily manages the details of his pioneer work in this area. He describes how his findings led to some remarkable demonstrations of the primacy of the mind (or the "will") over the circuitry of the brain, showing that the mind appears quite capable of using the brain as a tool for its own purposes.
Popper, Sir Karl, and Eccles, Sir John. The Self and Its Brain. Springer Verlag International, 1977. The subtitle is "An Argument for Interactionism." This volume essentially takes the form of a debate between a philosopher of international repute and a neurophysiologist of similar stature, conducting an inquiry into the origin, nature, and even possible destiny of human consciousness. In considering these three fundamentally important subjects, differences of opinion do not in any way make the volume disjointed or contradictory. It is a large volume, both in size and reach, and makes what is perhaps a unique contribution to the current debate between those who see mindedness as a mere epiphenomenon of brain and those who see it as something of independent origin whose very nature suggests continuance even after the dissolution of the brain. There is, moreover, a real agreement between the two authors that the mind is master of the brain, making it its own. The original title, "The Self and the Brain," was accordingly later reworded to read "The Self and Its Brain."
Sherrington, Sir Charles. Man on His Nature. 2nd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1951. This is the text of the Giford Lectures presented by Sherrington in the University of Edinburgh during the winter of 1937-38. Revised and updated, it now represents the distilled wisdom of a prince among scientists contemplating the nature of the mind/brain relationship. It is written in retrospect of a life time spent in research, reflected upon by a man no longer concerned merely to preserve his reputation as orthodox and therefore entirely free to express some doubts as to the sufficiency of current reductionist views of the nature of man.
Best, J. Boyd. "Protopsychology." Scientific American, February 1963, pp. 55-62.
Kety, Seymour S. "A Biologist Examines the Mind and Behavior." Science 132 (1960): 1861-69.
Penfield, Wilder. "Engrams in the Human Brain." Procedures of the Royal Society of Medicine 61 (1968):831-40.
Penfield, Wilder. "Epilepsy, Neurophysiology and Some Brain Mechanisms Related to Consciousness" in Basic Mechanisms of the Epilepsies. Edited by H. H. Jasper, et al. Toronto: Little, Brown & Co., 1969.
Penfield, Wilder, and Perot, Phanor. "The Brain's Record of Auditory and Visual Experience: A Final Summary and Discussion." Brain 86 (1963): 595-696.
Corrections, June 30, 1997.