Part II: The Nature of the Forbidden Fruit
1. The Origin of the Germ Cells *
In the body of the paper the statement was made that cell differentiation may possibly result from the progressive loss of some element in the nucleus. Hamilton Boyd, and Mossman stated that many investigators of invertebrates and inframammalian invertebrates have demonstrated conclusively an early segregation during development of those cells which give rise to all the subsequent sex cells of the organism: (39)
An early segregation of the primordial germ cells has been described in mammals, but there is still no generally accepted opinion on the time or site o segregation of such cells or on their relationship to the definitive germ cells. Several investigators have described primordial germ cells in early human embryos and have suggested that they take origin in the presomite stage (i.e., before body cells have formed).
Bradley M. Patten in discussing the origin of the sex cells, said: (40)
For all vertebrates, including man, there have been described in very young embryos certain large cells in the yolk-sac that stand out in contras with their neighbors. This happens long before it is possible to tell whether an embryo is to become male or female--indeed, before any gonad is laid down. These large cells have been identified by some investigators as primordial sex cells and they believe that they migrate from the yolk-sac entoderm to their final location in the gonad...The definitive germ cells, male or female, are believed by some investigators to arise by successive mitotic divisions from their primordial germ cells.
Olin Nelsen believed that this view needs modification and that it may be a progressive change in the character of the cytoplasm of the germ cells that is the main factor which distinguishes them from other body cells.
Nelsen gave some data bearing on the point in time at which this cell differentiation begins to take place: (41)
An early segregation of germinal plasm (from which the subsequent germ cells or seed are derived) is beyond argument. An actual demonstration to the continuity of the germ plasm from generation to generation is found in Ascarsis megalocephala described by Boweri in 1887. In this form the chromatin of the somatic cells of the bodies undergoes a dimunation and fragmenation, whereas the stem cells from which the germ cells are ultimately segregated at the 16-cell to 32-cell stage, retain the full complement of chromatin material. Thus one cell of the 16-cell stage retains the intact chromosomes and becomes the progenitor of the germ cells. The other 15 cells will develop the somatic tissues of the body. The subsequent diminution of the chromatin material in this particular species has been shown to be dependent upon a certain cytoplasmic substance.
Nelson further remarked that:
The modern view of the germ cell (germ plasm) embodies the concept t at the germ cell is composed of a nucleus as a carrier of the hereditary substance of genes, and a peculiar specialized germinal cytoplasm. The character of the cytoplasm of the germ cell is the main factor distinguishing a germ cell from other some cells....
2. The Importance of the Cytoplasm
Boris Ephrussi has published a book giving details of research with Paramecia unicellular forms of life in which it appears an acquired characteristic is passed on to the offspring. (42) The characteristics apparently some kind of particle which kills animals which are otherwise immortal. The importance of this research in this context is that it demonstrates the fact that a deadly element can be transmitted--not through the nucleus--but via the cytoplasm.
This may possibly throw some light on the manner in which the poison in Adam's seed is able to convey the element of mortality to the seed of the woman: that is to say, through the cytoplasm.
* This appendix will probably not be of interest to most readers. It has to do with one aspect of this paper that is fundamental and yet so involved that most people would not want to be bothered with it. However, since it is fundamental, it seemed desirable to deal with it very briefly and to provide thereby references where the subject can be pursued further.
References:
29. De Plauzoles, Sicard: quoted by Ernest Gordon in The Sunday School Times, July 25, 1953, p. 644.
30. Bliven, Bruce, Genes and the Hope of Mankind, Smithsonian Report for 1941, p. 301
31. Horsley, Sir Victor, Alcohol and the Human Body, Macmillan, New York, 1908, p. 294.
32. Von Bunge, G.: quoted by Victor Horsley, ref. 31, p. 308.
33. Horsley, Sir Victor, ref. 31, p. 25.
34. Rauber, Prof.: quoted by Victor Horsley, ref. 31, p. 54.
35. Gold, Sir Alfred, quoted from The Tribune, South Africa, February 1943, in The Sunday School Times, October 16, 1943.
36. Fisk, Eugene Lyman, Alcohol: Its Relation to Human Efficiency and Longevity, Funk and Wagnalls, New York, 1912, p. 20.
37. Babylonian Beracloth, 17.1.
38. Plutarch, Quastones Romanae 109.6.
39. Hamilton, W. J., Boyd, J. D.; and Mossman, H. W., Human Embryology, Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, 1945, p. 204.
40. Patten, Bradley M., Human Embryology, Blakiston, Toronto, 1948, pp. 13,14.
41. Nelsen, Olin E., Comparative Embryology of the Vertebrates, Blakiston, Toronto, 1953, pp. 114ff.
42. Ephrussi, Boris, Nucleo-Cytoplasmic Relations in Micro-Organisms, Oxford U. Press, 1953,